！！！！！！！！！！！！！同义替换规则总结

　阅读理解中的同义替换规则总结：

　一、阅读的制约因素

　Speed? Vocabulary? 1 fungi

　 Venus

　 thermosetting

　 2 emphasis

　 focus

　3 connect

　link

　associate

　4 demanding

　difficult

　5 coin

　subject

　mate inch

　6 artificial intelligence

　robot

　7 correlation

　inaccuracy

　 100%

　Sentence? Bullying can take a variety of forms, from the verbal-being taunted or called hurtful names- to the physical-being kicked or shoved, as well as some indirect forms, such as being excluded from social groups. Strategy? Or all the above?

　二、阅读的出路之 阅读中的同义替换总结

　1 7 2 8 3 9 4 10 5 11 6

　 1.  同义词替换：题干中的形容词、动词和名词往往会被替换成同意或意思相近的词汇。

　相近的词汇。few=minority

　shift away from=other things  原文：Experiment showed that, in fact, facial vision is nothing to do with touch or the front of the face, although the sensation may be referred to the front of the face, like the referred pain in a phantom limb.

　 题目：In fact, the sensation is more similar to the way in which pain from a _______ might be felt.

　 2.

　 数字替换：题目中的阿拉伯数字文中以英文出现，或故意断行分开；或题干中只有大概的数字，文中有具体数字。

　题干中只有大概的数字，文中有具体数字。

　 题干：The survey concluded that one-fifth or 20% of the household transport requirement as outside local area.  ：

　原文：Interest facts regarding transport were found: 95% was on foot; 80% was within the locality;

　  题干：In addition, over two thousand years ago kites were used in China as weapons as well as for sending _____.  原文：as early as 1250BC, the Chinese were using them to deliver messages and dump debris on their foes.

　 前后顺序调换：题干中答案出现在标志词的右方，原文中对应答案却出现在标志词的左方。

　现在标志词的左方。

　 题干：

　题干：Radar and sonar are based on similar ______  原文：But the underlying mathematical theories of radar and sonar are very similar.

　 3.

　 主被动替换：原文的主动（或被动）形式在改 写成题干的时候改写成被动（或主动）形式 动（或主动）形式

　 题干：Radar is an inaccurate term when referring to bats because ____ are not used in their navigation system.  原文：It is technically incorrect to talk about bat ‘radar’, since they don’t use radio waves.

　local craftsmen established the house=the house was built by local craftsmen

　4.

　 否定形式的替换：原文中的否定形式替换成其他形式从而变得不易定位。

　否定形式的替换：原文中的否定形式替换成其他形式从而变得不易定位。

　 否定形式与否定形式之间的替换 否定形式与否定形式之间的替换

　 双重否定结构和肯定结构 双重否定结构和肯定结构

　 题干：The ____ people were an example of the later and for them the environment did not prove unmanageable.  原文：But around a thousand years ago, one group emerged that was uniquely well adapted to cope with the Arctic environment. These Thule people moved in from Alaska.

　 题干：Although most farmers would be unable to ____, Professor Pretty….  原文：Professor Pretty feels that organic farming would be too big a jump in thinking and in practices for many farmers

　 多项并列列举：题干中所出现的为两项列举（A and B ）或者三项列举（A ，B and C）。

　）。

　 题干：The territory of consists of lNunavut ittle more than ice, rock, and a few ______.  原文：Nunavut is 1.9 million square kilometers of rock and ice, and a handful of islands around the North Pole.

　5.

　 具体与概念的替换：将原文中的具体表达形式进行总结，以概念表达形式在题干中出现（反之同理）。

　式在题干中出现（反之同理）。

　 题干：In the following-up class, the teaching activities _______ those used in conventional classes.  原文：Some hours after the two-part session, there is a follow-up class at which the students are simulated to recall the material presented. Once again the approach is indirect.

　The students do not focus their attention on trying to remember the vocabulary, but focus on using the language to communicate(e.g. through games or improvised dramatizations). Such methods are not unusual in language teaching.  Countries – 具体国家名称 具体国家名称

　 Temperate/heat – 具体温度数字 具体温度数字

　 Nature/environment – 具体的自然名词（water, river, wind, solar..）

　）

　 Colors – 具体的颜色名词 具体的颜色名词

　 Weather – 具体的天气名词（wind, storm, typhoon）

　）

　 Landscape – 具体的地形地貌（desert, plain, mountain）

　）

　 6.

　  人称代词或指示代词替换：将答案藏到标志词集中出现的句子之前或之后，同时使用人称代词留下提示。

　后，同时使用人称代词留下提示。

　 题干：Dr. Johnson believed that ____ is the major cause of this particular disease.  原文：Dr. Johnson is one of the leading scientists in this area. He believed that the disease could be cured. Certain experiments had been carried out through the last century however no evident result had been found. Still, he linked mainly food with this particular disease.

　  冠词替换：将填空题空格之前的冠词进行替换 冠词替换：将填空题空格之前的冠词进行替换

　 题干：

　题干：You need a _____ to open the front door.  原文：Every resident should always carry the blue key with them for the front door.

　 题干：The word ‘echolocation’ was first used by someone working as a _______.  原文：The American zoologist Donald Griffin, who was largely responsible for the discovery of sonar in bats, coined the term ‘echolocation’ to cover both sonar and radar, whether used by animals or by human instruments.

　7.

　 介词的替换：将题目中的介词替换成其他的介词，实意动词或短语。常见于填空题：题目中以介词+ 空格出现，但文中不出现介词。

　但文中不出现介词。

　 题干：

　题干：… suggests that they may have experienced with ___  ：

　原文：… suggests that the Egyptians might have been developing ideas of flight for a long.  For

　 表示原因：可以替换成其他的因果关系或名词。

　表示原因：可以替换成其他的因果关系或名词。

　 表示目的：可以替换成不定式表示目的状语，可以替换成表示目的的名词（purpose, aim, goal）

　）

　  By  表示方法手段：替换成其他表示方法的介词（with, through,via ）； ）；  替换成表示“ 使用” 的实意动词（use, adopt, utilize）

　）

　 表示被动语态：可以替换成主动语态的表达形式 表示被动语态：可以替换成主动语态的表达形式

　 Of  表示从属关系：替换成代词的所有格 从属关系：替换成代词的所有格

　 表示属于：

　表示属于：belong, include  替换成形容词 替换成形容词

　 E.g

　荣耀的男人 荣耀的男人

　a man of honor= adj.

　An honorable man  一个重要的女人

　a woman of importance = an important woman

　 词 表 品 质 的 抽 象 名 词

　loyal → loyalty

　 brave→bravety

　 Honest→ honesty

　 With

　 因 随 有 和 用 用

　 表示使用的方法手段：同 表示使用的方法手段：同 by  表示“ 和，一起” ：可以替换成拥有的实意动词（have, available, possess, share, access）

　）

　8.

　

　 否绝对词替换

　  原文：organic farming would be too big a jump in thinking and in practices

　 题：would be unable to think and practice

　 词- 变性：

　 but it is the problem of timetabling a teacher to be in there.  professor=scholar=academic

　 important=of importance ；wider=will be widened  最常见的就是 N/V/Adj 词性互换

　 9.

　 因果、转折等连词互换

　10.

　 疑问句与陈述句互换

　11.

　 形容词与副词互换 等

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